[Survey of levels of anxiety and depression in parents of children with chronic illness]

Introduction: Parents who have children with chronic disease are susceptible to anxiety and depression. Parental anxiety and depression is associated with decreased sense of responsibility toward care, education and nutrition for their children and also for their mental disorder effect on their children's mental and emotional health. The purpose of this study was to determine parent's anxiety and depression of children with chronic disease in Tehran Mofid pediatric Hospital

Method: The present study is cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2010. 440 parents of hospitalized children with chronic diseases were selected with simple random sampling. Study's tool was Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Independent t-test and Pearson correlation tests

Results: The results showed that 49.1% of parents had moderate to severe and 24.5% had mild anxiety. Also 31.8% of samples were with moderate to severe depression and 27.3% with mild depression. Child gender, location, duration of hospitalization of children showed significant association with the level of anxiety and depression [p<0.05], as well as a significant relationship between parent's gender, history of anxiety and parent's age with depression levels was observed [p<0.05]

Conclusion: According to results of this study, it is recommended to screen depression in parents of children with chronic illnesses in hospitals and clinics

[ effect of lavender essence via inhalation method on labor pain]

Studies have shown that half of the mothers complain severe or intolerable labor pain. Because of the side effects of pharmacological pain killers on mothers and neonates, those medications are used lower than non pharmacological methods in these days. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of lavender essence inhalation on labor pain. In this randomized clinical trial study, 120 pregnant women were selected by convenient sampling method and divided in two groups of 60. Conducted cool vapor of essential oil of lavender was used in case group and the control group used only cool water vapor. Written consent was obtained and pain was estimated once before and 3 times after intervention. Analytical statistics such as t-test and X2 were used. The results showed that difference in the labor pain before and after intervention in lavender group was 0.81 +/- 2.48 and in control group was 0.90 +/- 1.90 and the difference was significant [P=0.03]. This study showed that aromatherapy could be a suitable alternative complementary medicine for labor pain

[Determination of prevalence of anemia in orphanage children and the correlation of anemia with dimorphic variables]

Anemia is the time that blood hemoglobin level will decrease. Side effects of anemia is obvious for any one. It results to failure in speaking and motor nervous coordinating, decreasing in learning and schooling, resistance to infection, Apathy, numbness, fatigue. It is necessary to prevent and treat it. Because anemia may be neglected in nursery settings, it seems that doing this research is essential. This research is cross analytic which is done in 5 orphanage that affiliate to welfare organization. 226 orphan child after taking consent from all nurseries setting were included this study. The method of sampling was census. Data gathering were done by questionnaire which was included demography data and anemia indices. Criteria for anemia was used as a 11 milligram [6 month -4.9 years and 11.5 foe [5-11.9 years] base on WHO. After data gathering, analysis was done by SPSS soft ware as a Mean, percent, Mest and%2. Findings showed that 32.2% [73] were female vs 64.8%[153] male. 32.2 of them had anemia. The children of 0-4 year old and 5-12, had anemia respectively 30.2% and 37%. This study showed that didn't significant difference between anemia, gender and disease. Results showed that the rate anemia in orphanage children is 32.2% which is higher in 5-12 year old children. Regarding to this children deprive of family and they are high risk rather than children who live with family deal with physical and mental disability. So, It should be offer nursing care in suitable with their physical conditions

[Impact of Kangaroo mother care immediately after birth on mothers attachment behaviors at one and three months after birth]

Kangaroo mother care [kmc] was first suggested in 1978 as caring for low birth weight infants. Few studies have been undertaken using it for term infants and assessing mother behaviors after birth. The present study, therefore designed to investigate the effects of kangaroo mother care on attachment behaviors [affection, caring, proximity] of Iranian primiparous mothers with their term new born immediately after birth. A clinical random trial design was undertaken with a sample of 790 primiparous mothers drawn from a hospital in Tehran. They were randomly divided to case and control groups. The infants in case group were placed in contact with their mothers' skin immediately after the birth for 15-20 minutes and the mothers were asked to touch and feed them. The observant researcher recorded the mothers' behavior using a checklist including affection, caring and proximity behaviors, for 15 minutes. The control group received the routine care. The samples were followed up within one and three months after delivery. All statistics were computed by the SPSS software data [version 14] using Chi square and t-tests. The total mean score of affectionate attachment behaviors was 24 and 29 in case group, and 18 and 18 in control group, one and three months after the birth, respectively which showed a significant difference [P=0.001]. The value of proximity behaviors in one and three months after the birth was 18 and 18 in case group and 13 and 18 in control group correspondingly which was a significant difference [P=0.001]. The same value for caring behaviors was 5.9 and 5.7 for case group and 5.6 and 6 for control group which didn't show any significant differences [P=0.2]. It could be concluded that kangaroo method has positive impacts on mother attachment behaviors in long term. So the midwives, who are at the frontline of mother-infant contacts, should be perceptive to this sort of skin to skin contacts and prolong its duration

[ effect of lavender in care of postpartum episiotomy wounds]

Episiotomy is a perineal incision which is the commonest surgical incision in midwifery field. This wound like others need to be cared. Nowadays, using alternative and complementary methods like essential oils which are named aromatherapy have been established as a deserving stance. Essential oils such as lavender compounded of many substances like terponents, mono terponents and linalool which are antimicrobial and pain killer. It seems this substance is very suitable for washing of wounds .So, this research carried out compare the essential oils of lavender in comparison to povidon iodine in repairing of episiotomy. This studying is randomized control trial which is carried out in 120 women. allocated in Povidon Iodine and lavender essential oil groups. At first lavender essential oil 1.5% [Stoeches acae] was prepared by Barij Essence Pharmaceutical Company in distillation method with Olive oil carrier. After child bearing to the educated women about episiotomy care, was proposed to wash wound in sitzbath by Povidon Iodine in one group and with lavender essential oil in another group. After 5th day incision was assessed. The data were analyzed by SPSS soft ware, t-test and X[2]. Data showed that the redness in 5th day reduced significantly [P<0.05]. But, rate of edema increased significantly in lavender group [P<0.001]. There is not difference between two groups for infection, pain, dehiscence. It seems that lavender essential oil is an appropriate alternative instead of Povidon Iodine, because it reduced redness and it doesn't increase infection and dehiscence

[Comparison of oxidative stress in preeclampsia, normal pregnancy and non-pregnant women]

Preeclampsia is a pregnancy-specific condition characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. Preeclampsia remains a disease of theories as its real etiology has remained elusive. Endothelial cell dysfunction may play a role in the pathobiology of preeclampsia. There is some evidence to suggest that endothelial cell damage result from oxidative stress. The aim of the study was to measure oxidative stress markers in preeclampsia. Total antioxidant capacity [TAC], lipid peroxidation [LPO] and thiol groups was measured in 20 women with preeclampsia, 20 normal pregnant women and 20 nonpregnant women. All three women groups were matched with respect to age, BMI, parity and gestational age. Oxidative stress markers were measured by spectrophotometer methods. Serum concentration of LPO was significantly higher in preeclampsia [17.7 + 3.8 nmol/ml] as compared with nonpregnant women [10.4 + 0.48 nmol/ml, p< 0.0001]. TAC in preeclamptic women was lower than those in normal pregnant and non-pregnant women, but not statistically significantly. There was no significant difference between the mean concentrations of thiol groups in the women groups. Increased levels of LPO products may cause peroxidative damage of vascular endothelium and result in clinical symptoms of preeclampsia. However, further experimental and clinical studies are necessary to clarify the pathogenesis of preeclampsia

[Effects of normal saline subcutaneous injection in low back labor pain]

Most of women have described labor experience painful. Although there are many ways for reduction of labor pain, pharmacological ways are unsuitable because of their side effects on the respiratory system of newborns and mothers. Therefore, scientists have focused on non-pharmacological ways for reducing pain, nowadays. These methods are different and this verity shows a fact, that the perception of pain is not identical among people. Gate theory advocates this believe that there are many factors on pain perception such as age, sex, anxiety, and pain experience. Therefore, it is necessary that we know variety of pain-relief methods. This study was carried out based on Gate theory. This survey was a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Informed-consent forms were given to the mothers. Sampling Method was based on simple non-randomized and the number of sample was 146. They are divided into two equal groups, test and control. Data collection was carried out using questionnaire. Following determination of four injection site at the sacrum area, mothers in the test group were injected 0.1 ml of normal saline at these sites. While, mothers in the control group were received only blank injections. Then, the rate of pain was estimated in both groups using VAS at 10, 30, 45 and 90 minutes post-injection. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS and Stata software using generalized estimation equation and Chi-square test. No significant differences were observed in pain mean between test and control group at the above measured post-injection time points. The results showed that injection of normal saline has no influence on low back pain. Given these results, it is recommended that a single particular method has no impact on the reduction of pain, and therefore, a combination of alternative methods must be considered